Turning Algae into Gasoline Essay Example for Free

Turning Algae into Gasoline Essay Studies about converting algae into biodiesel started during the 1980s. However, the idea is still not yet fully developed nowadays. With the increasing value of oil in the market some people are finding other alternatives. Many organizations are now starting to develop algae into fuel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Algae are easy to find and those living things grow faster which means that supply of algae is not going to be a problem. Those can be found on ponds, rivers, mostly in watery places. Those creatures can even grow in man-made environments. Algae can live in salt water and even in low temperature.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Using algae as an alternative for gasoline has several advantages. One is that algae do not have to use big amounts of agricultural places in order to be produced. So, there will be enough places to plant more crops for foods. Also, cultivating algae will also help to lessen the carbon dioxide in the world since those creatures needs carbon dioxide. The emissions of carbon dioxide upon refining the algae into gasoline are lesser than fossil fuels.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, turning algae into gasoline is not that easy. Algae should have enough amount of sunlight in order to produce good quality gasoline. And since algae grew faster, those creatures sometimes destroy the carbon dioxide they use to make foods and leads to the blockage of sunlight they need to survive. After all, it is not easy to found algae that have the right quality in order to be converted into gasoline.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Also, to produce gasoline, some chemicals, such as methanol or hexane, are used to extract oil from the algae. There are possibilities that the chemicals used will affect the water and land where the plant is located.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are disadvantages and advantages on turning algae into gasoline. As of the moment, the study is young and needs more experiments and further studies regarding this issue. This study needs to have more development. References Crooks, E. (2007, December 12).Shell bets on algae to make biofuel. The Financial Times. Retrieved May 31, 2008, from http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/0c2d084a-a857-11dc-9485-0000779fd2ac.html?nclick_check=1 Douglass, E. (2008, May 29). Sapphire Energy turns algae into green crude for fuel. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 31, 2008, from http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-greencrude29-2008may29,0,1053218.story Kanellos, M. (2007, May 10). The Math on turning algae into fuel. Retrieved May 31, 2008, from http://news.cnet.com/8301-10784_3-9717949-7.html Montana State University (2008, January 19). Renewed Interest In Turning Algae Into Fuel Generated. ScienceDaily. Retrieved May 31, 2008, from http://www.sciencedaily.com ­ /releases/2008/01/080115132840.htm Svoboda, E. (2007, July 1). The greenest green fuel. Retrieved May 31, 2008, from http://www.popsci.com/scitech/article/2007-07/greenest-green-fuel

Concerns about the wars Essay Example for Free

Concerns about the wars Essay My Other poem that I have analysed is Charge of the Light Brigade written by Alfred Lord Tennyson about the Crimean war in 1855. In this poem Tennyson has a positive point of view which is the opposite of Owen. Tennyson shows a patriotic view with the words Hero, Noble and Glory to fight for and die for your country; ironically that is the meaning of Dulce et Decorum Est. Owen has written Dulce et Decorum Est in stanzas. The pace of the first stanza is really slow Bent double, like old beggars under sacks. This shows the tiredness of the soldiers, therefore that they are really weak and tired mainly because of the lack of sleep during war. This therefore leads to fatigue, injury and disease. They would have been Bent double because of all the heavy equipment they have to carry during war. It is shocking how he compares the soldiers to old because normally you would expect a soldier to be fighting fit. The words Trudged, Limped on also help emphasise how tired the soldiers would have been. This also shows the effect of the war on the soldiers. The second stanza the pace quickens rapidly with the use of short sentences. Gas! Gas! Quick, boys! This how fast the soldiers react even though they are tired and exhausted but it wouldnt just be there bodys that are tired there minds are as well. The words Fumbling and Floundring help to show the state of panic and urgency of the men are in. The charge of the light brigade is written in a ballad form. The poem is about six hundred men who are on horse back during the Crimean war. He has written the poem in that form to help show and repeat key points. The first few lines say half a league, half a league, half a league onwards. The use of this repetition is to show how far the men have come to fight for there country, All the way through the poem there is a dactylic rhythm to emphasis the horses hooves on the ground. Tennyson also says that no one argued the decision to send them to fight he says that someone had blundered but still did not challenge the decision this therefore shows that they have respect for there senior offices and believed that it was their honour and glory to die for there country. When the soldiers were attacked in Dulce et Decorum Est they fled for their lives where as in Charge of the light Brigade they still rode ahead to fight. The use of repetition Canon on the right of them, Canon to the left of them, Canon in front of them shows that the men had no where to go and most of them new that they would not be coming back but still went ahead. Unlike Dulce et Decorum Est the men where organised and knew exactly what to do and when. This shows courage and bravery. In the poem Dulce et Decorum Est it focuses on the imagery of war and Owen uses similes to show the unpleasant imagery of war. As under a green sea, I saw him drowning This shows that the amount of gas is drowning the soldier as if he was in the sea. Owen gives us a graphic piece of imagery showing a soldier dying a slow and painful death. White eyes writhing in his face. This shows that he could only see the whites of his eyes which means he was either dead or in extreme pain. The word writhing shows how much pain the soldier is in because Owen could have used the word painful but instead he tries to make the reader understand the amount of pain the soldier is in. Charge of the light brigade focuses on the number of soldiers and also the number that died Not the six hundred This shows that there no longer six hundred men because many of them had died and there are only a few left. Tennyson also mentions The Six Hundred at the end of every stanza to make the reader remember the phrase. Tennyson also uses metaphors to show the horror of war. In both stanzas 1 and 2 he mentions The valley of death, and in stanza 3 he says both Jaws of death and Mouth of hell. By saying the The valley of death it suggest that the soldiers have no chance of surviving. This also makes the soldier look more noble and brave to the reader. Tennyson also states how many soldier died. Then they rode back, but not, not the six hundred. He repeats the word not to show how many of the soldiers died in the battle. Instead of focusing on the dead for to long he moves to how heroic the soldiers were with lines such as When can the glory fade? He uses the rhetorical question to say that they should always be remembered for their bravery. He has personified death and hell to help emphasis their ongoing battle with the devil. To help show how they do not want to give up even though they are fighting a losing battle. The Gas attack makes all the men feel guilty because they cannot save their companion from a slow and painful death. As a green sea, I saw him drowning, in all my dreams, before my helpless eyes. The word helpless help to show how the fellow soldiers couldnt do anything to help. Owen changes to the past tense to show that his nightmares are just as real as when they actually happened. We cursed through sludge, makes his audience imagine how hard and tiring it is to walk yet alone fight in a war. Owen uses metaphors to help you imagine the horrific sights of war. Under a green sea, I saw him drowning. This makes the reader imagine the Green gas covering the soldier and also making his insides drown. There was no cure for the green gas. Then he describes the gas as, obscene as cancer he makes this comparison because there is also no cure for cancer this shows how bad it must have been because there is nothing worse than cancer. In my opinion Tennysons and Owenss views are different, as Tennyson gives us a distanced account of the battle because he was not personally involved in the Crimean war. Tennyson uses collective terms like They, Their and Six hundred because he would not have known about specific cases like Owen does. However Tennyson does try to focus on the determination of the soldiers while horse and hero fell although their fellow soldiers kept falling they still had the determination to fight. In Tennysons eyes they are all heroes because they have died for their country. Dulce et Decorum Est and Charge of the light brigade differ because Owen actually took part in the war he is writing about where as Tennyson did not fight in the Crimean war. Owen seems have a negative approach to war saying there is no cure for the damage that war creates, obscene as cancer, and also includes sarcasm aimed at Jessie Pope and her poem Whos for a game which said it was sweet and right to die for your country. Owen mocks this by saying that this is a Lie because he has experienced war first hand and also thinks that lots of innocent people are dying for no apparent reason. The use a capital L in lie is to help emphasises what he thinks of Jessie popes poem. Overall Owen shows a very negative view on the war but on the other hand Tennyson shows a view towards war. Owens negative view is based on him actually being there where as Tennysons positive views are based on him not fighting during the war. Owen has specific cases of horrific injuries, death, and sickening sights. Tennyson seems to focus on the group of soldiers collectively and does not have the same first hand accounts that Owen has. The poet that I believe more would have been Owen because of the use of his first hand cases such as the Gas attack and Whites of the eyes in his head. Where as Tennyson on speaks as a collectiveness not as individuals. This piece of coursework has helped to focus on both the bad sides and the good sides of war. Its not the physical injuries that can harm you its also the mental injuries of seeing other people shot in front of your eyes. But it also shows me how brave and noble soldiers are to fight for their country. This has definitely changed my perception of war.

Michael Ondaatjes Relationship with his Father in his Work, Running in

Michael Ondaatje's Relationship with his Father in his Work, Running in the Family The jacket description embossed on the back cover of the Vintage publication of Michael Ondaatje's Running in the Family gives the reader a false sense of what the book is about. To some it is a "lyrical and witty" tale of "broken engagements, and drunken suicide attempts," and to some it may be "an inspired marriage of travel narrative and family memoir" (jacket). The front cover, however, provides the most valuable information about the book. It is a detail from Paul Gauguin painting of a man walking through a tamed arboreal area. A scene from a tropical countryside the colors are bright and vibrant; off to the left side is a small hut. Gaugiun was a post-Impressionistic painter who stressed feeling over realism; it was the sole intent of the artist to catch the emotion of the moment. Thus, emotion appears to be the driving force of Running in the Family. The book is a series of anecdotes and "gesture[s]" as Ondaatje labels his construction of plot (206). Ondaatje records events as they are told to him, exaggerated by the storytellers and distorted by time, and further transformed through his transcription good. Interestingly, it is his father, Mervyn Ondaatje, and not Michael Ondaatje himself, who captures most of the attention in Running in the Family. Of this, literary critic and professor Winfried Siemerling states, "the connection between the self and the other is directly patronymic in Running in the Family †¦ the book can be read as a biography. Representing the story of Mervyn Ondaatje through the eyes of his son Michael, however, the biography is, at the same time, autobiography." Ref This a convention which mayead the reader to surm... ...needed to find him in one form or another" (Jewinski, 13). Ondaatje's avoidance of explanation is renown, as Douglas Barbour offers in his critical essay of Running in the Family, " rather than explanation, Ondaatje's texts seek to create a sensual and emotional awareness of the other's living" (packet 124). But what Ondaatje doesn't explicitly express, he weaves into his text, creating that "sensual and emotional awareness," allowing his readers to step into the life of his father, and along with Ondaatje, forgive. Works Cited Barbour, Douglass. "From: 'Michael Ondaatje'." Waddington Packet, 2001. Jewinski, Ed. Michael Ondaatje: Express Yourself Beautifully. Toronto ECW Press, 1994. Ondaatje, Michael. Running in the Family. Vintage Books, New York, 1993. Siemerling, Winfried. Discoveries of the Other. Toronto, University of Toronto Press Inc., 1994.

Sesame Street’s Big Bird and Shakespeare’s Caliban :: Tempest essays

Sesame Street’s Big Bird and Shakespeare’s Caliban â€Å"Caliban...takes shape beneath the arc of wonder that moves throughout the play between â€Å"creatures† and â€Å"mankind,† between animate beings in general and their realization in the form of humanity. Is he man or fish? creature or person?" (Lupton, 3). â€Å"Although in The Tempest the word creature appears nowhere in conjunction with Caliban himself, his character is everywhere hedged in and held up by the politic-theological category of the creaturely" (Lupton, 3). "A freckled whelp, hag-born " (1.2.285). "Legged like a man, and his fins like arms! " (2.2.31-32). "I shall laugh myself to death at this puppy-headed monster" (2.2.146-147). "A howling monster, a drunken monster" (2.2.179). "This is as strange thing as e’er I looked on" (5.1.292-293). "He is as disproportioned in his manners /As in his shape" (5.1.294-295). He is a poetic paradigm. When performed properly, he can take an audience from tears of laughter to tears of sorrow within a few paragraphs. Caliban is an actor’s dream, a scholar’s vision. Sighted as being both the missing link, but also portrayed in adaptations as more human than Prospero, Caliban is commentary, character and caricature. However, there is a question that plagues authors, directors, actors, and stressed out, indignant English professors: What is Caliban? Many books, articles, updates, adaptations, and arguments tackle this question. Together we will confront these demons, I will lead you down a path, present arguments, ideas, my own bias, but in the end leave you to answer the daunting question of Shakespeare’s man-monster: Four pictures taken from different productions and different collections of The Tempest illustrate how diverse Caliban is. Each one has a unique view of who or, more precisely, what Caliban is. They progress in an order, from pure beast, through something less to someone almost resembling a man. The pictures lead us on a progression from something entirely bestial to something else entirely. The first image demonstrates the best description of Caliban, a creature that slightly resembles a man and slightly does not. Throughout Shakespeare's text, no character refers to Caliban as a man. The other characters describe him as the indescribable. As Alonso says, "This is a strange thing as e'er I / looked on (5.1.292-293)." One of the most common terms used in The Tempest to acknowledge Caliban is moon-calf. The Oxford English Dictionary defines moon-calf as "A misshapen birth, a monstrosity.

PepsiCo Supply chain Essay

For the entire document (with exhibits and important disclosures associated with its content, if applicable), view original document (PDF) The changing beverage marketplace has resulted in some major transformations amongst the industry’s chief competitors. The Coca-Cola Company and PepsiCo Inc. have both recognized the changes and have taken action to preserve their success with their all-important systems of bottlers. We expect these changes to be beneficial including the opportunity to focus on innovation and to improve the cost effectiveness of bringing the product to market. In 1899, two lawyers from Tennessee secured exclusive rights to bottle and sell Coca-Cola for only one dollar (www.coke.com). Asa Candler, then President of The Coca-Cola Company, was not convinced that selling the product in bottles was the way to go. No one could have predicted how popular Coca-Cola and its main competitor, Pepsi-Cola, would become. The relationship between company and bottler has always been very important. Today, 54 billion beverages of all types are served every day.1 Products from PepsiCo Inc. (PEP) and The Coca-Cola Company (KO) account for more than two thirds of the sales in the carbonated soft drink (CSD) category.2 These companies have battled with each other for many years and in the process have had to adapt to consumer shifts and increasing complexity concerning product distribution. Once again, the marketplace for non-alcoholic drinks in North America has evolved away from the current model. To achieve longer term profitability and growth, PepsiCo and The Coca-Cola Company have both decided to buy the majority of their North American bottling operations. In this report, we will explain how the market has changed and why we expect PepsiCo and The Coca-Cola Company to be better off in the future. To begin, we need to explain the traditional role of the parent company and its system of bottlers. The parent company (The Coca-Cola Company, PepsiCo), also called the â€Å"concentrate company,† is basically in charge of producing the concentrate or syrup that is used in a manufacturing process which ends up as a bottle or can of Coke or Pepsi on a shelf in a store. More importantly, it is the concentrate company’s job to create demand through advertising, marketing, and strategic planning. The bottlers buy the concentrate and then manufacture the product so that it can be distributed to a network of retailers and dealers. One major change that has taken place has been the  consolidation of the retail industry. In particular, the discount retailers (Walmart & Target) have allocated a larger portion of square footage to food. For example, about half of 2009 revenues for Walmart (WMT) was attributed to grocery. This compares to 28% of revenues only five years ago. For Target (TGT), food accounts for 16% of sales. Currently, Walmart is the largest grocer in the U.S. with about double the market share of the next largest competitor, Kroger (KR). In 2001, Walmart and Kroger were neck and neck. In 2007, the top fifteen food retailers accounted for 64.4% of U.S. sales compared to 50.1% in 2001. Exhibit 1 in the original PDF shows the evolution of market share from 2001-2007.3 The growth of Walmart is especially impressive. In North America, 19% of revenues for PepsiCo were allocated to Walmart (including Sam’s Club) up from 13% in 2006.3 In short, the food retail segment has become more concentrated and more powerful. The demands for better service from The Coca-Cola Company and PepsiCo have increased. Retailers require more flexibility, innovation, and speed. Consumer beverage choices have shifted production away from the bottlers. Consumers have become more health conscious. Consumers are now more concerned about calories and are interested in drinks that are convenient and healthy. Consumers are buying less carbonated soft drinks and more in new beverage categories. These new categories of beverages include sports drinks, liquid tea, liquid coffee, energy drinks, and bottled water. Exhibit 2 in the original PDF illustrates the change in market share over a five year time frame.4 Overall, The Coca-Cola Company and PepsiCo have maintained their total share of the non-alcoholic beverage industry through product expansions, innovation, and acquisitions, including transactions such as PepsiCo’s acquisition of Gatorade and the Coca-Cola Company’s acquisition of Odwalla. The manufacturing process to produce a can of Coke is different from producing a bottle of Powerade. The added complexity of certain products has shifted the manufacturing process away from the bottler. Generally, most sports drinks, teas, juices, and dairy based drinks are manufactured at the concentrate company while carbonated drinks and bottled water are manufactured by the bottler. Those drinks produced at the concentrate company are called, finished goods. These changes have resulted in less profit for the bottlers. The bottlers did not benefit from the growth and higher profitability in finished goods. Capacity utilization has  been down with lack of growth in carbonated soft drinks. Also, bottled water, which was able to offset some of the lower growth in carbonated soft drinks, has been slowing over the last couple of years. In the future, most analysts in this sector agree that higher growth products will require a more complex manufacturing process. Under the old model, this would have been bad for bottlers. Years ago, most large bottlers made a significant capital investment which counted on sustained growth in carbonated soft drinks. Profit strained, the bottlers were less willing this time around to invest in new beverage categories. This was one of the reasons why the bottlers missed out on the popularity of noncarbonated soft drinks. The combination of concentrate company and bottler should yield cost savings and efficiencies allowing for additional reinvestment. Overcapacity and redundant distribution will be rationalized. One example is the sale of both fountain and bottled products to the same location by two different distribution channels. Going forward, one channel will service that particular customer. The combination should lead to a greater use of warehouse distribution versus the current direct-store-delivery system, which is used by the bottlers. The warehouse delivery system (product gets delivered to the retailer’s distribution center and the retailer ships the product to the store) is one that is in demand from large retailers given the lower cost, leaving the retailer with the opportunity to extract more profits from the customer without raising prices. In addition, a more efficient distribution system and less negotiation between organizations (pricing/volume decisions) should allow the product to reach the market more quickly. Despite the ownership structure, the concentrate company and bottler relationship has always been strong. Both entities need each other to survive. We believe the recent transactions are a positive strategic move for both The Coca-Cola Company and PepsiCo and for the industry. The Coca-Cola Company and PepsiCo are clearly protecting their investment in their key bottlers and securing their strategic position given changes in the consumer and retailers. Going forward, we expect that these companies will continue to adapt to succeed. These particular transactions make sense and should allow these companies to remain competitive and innovative.

When The World Stands Out, Aspire To Be Outstanding

We are all different. We view things from different perspectives. What one person acknowledges as the truth may not be accepted by others. There exists a plethora of interpretations, which are rooted on the fact that people come from varying backgrounds – politically, socially and culturally. These differences allows people to be unique in there own ways. The world is divided, geologically speaking. As such, people grew up in societies that have dissimilar and often conflicting views on a number of things. I was born in Bangkok. The place that I first called my home is a bustling city.Being the capital of Thailand, most efforts in relation to economic development are concentrated there. It dominates the country’s economy. Unfortunately, the continued development of Bangkok results to the neglect of other urban centers. This makes the disparity in wealth distribution more intense. Despite the developed faà §ade of the city, the truth that there is inequality still linge rs. Growing up in a country like Thailand, where people from neighboring countries come to work, I have learned to accept the fact that the things I believe in is not always the same as the things that the people around me agree to.Confrontation is not always the best solution. If I keep on asserting my own views upon others, I know that we won’t come to an agreement. It is best to base my judgment on respect and not animosity. It is in this line of thinking that I gained the courage to speak out, even though, I know that others won’t agree with me. Deep inside I am hoping that they would respect my opinion regardless of my political, social and cultural viewpoints since I do the same to them. The other reason why I choose to go against the grain, sometimes, is due to the fact that I would like to create a better future for myself, my family and my community.I have seen both the glittering and rusty covered side of life when I was in Bangkok. I know that I can do bette r if I work hard and believe in own capabilities. I also know that I can a difference in the world in the same way that the world affects me. When the odds are against me, I try to remember that I am more fortunate than others because I am able to exercise some of my rights especially my right to education. I am thankful for what I have now that is why I work hard to show how much I appreciate them. Once again, I can say that I draw my strength from my family and community.

Nature Inspired Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Essay

Nature-Inspired Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms-A Review Pragati Loomba Sonali Tiwari And Neerja Negi Student, Faculty of Computer Applications Assistant Professor, Faculty of Computer Applications Manav Rachna International University Manav Rachna International University Faridabad Faridabad loombapragati.pl@gmail.com sonali.fca@mriu.edu.in neerja.fca@mriu.edu.in Abstract - Now a day nature-inspired algorithms become a current trend and is applicable to almost every area. This paper provides a wide classification of existing algorithms as the basis of future research.. This paper reviewed the existing algorithms Firefly Algorithm (FA), Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), Bat Algorithm (BA), Cuckoo Search (CS) and Other Nature Inspired Algorithms. However, the study reveals the existing algorithms to improve the optimization performance in different analysis. The purpose of this review and comparison is to present a analysis of all the nature inspired algorithms and to motivate the researchers. Keyword -Nature Inspired Algorithms, Evolutionary Algorithm, Stochastic global search algorithm , Swarm Intelligence, Bio-Inspired Algorithms. I. INTRODUCTION Nature has the ability to solve and optimize the complex problem by logical and effective ways. Nature has provided us the intelligence ,self learning , pattern recognition, optimization etc. The mostly followed nature-inspired models of computation are genetic algorithm, neural computation, and evolutionaryShow MoreRelatedThe State Of The Art Nature Inspired Metaheuristic Algorithms1444 Words   |  6 Pagesstate-of-the-art nature inspired metaheuristic algorithms in optimization, including the Firefly algorithm, PSO algorithms and ABC algorithm. By implementing them in Matlab, we will use worked examples to show how each algorithm works. 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Amphicyon - Facts and Figures

Name: Amphicyon (Greek for ambiguous dog); pronounced AM-fih-SIGH-on Habitat: Plains of the northern hemisphere Historical Epoch: Middle Oligocene-Early Miocene (30-20 million years ago) Size and Weight: Varies by species; up to six feet long and 400 pounds Diet: Omnivorous Distinguishing Characteristics: Large size; bear-like body About Amphicyon Despite its nickname, the Bear Dog, Amphicyon was directly ancestral to neither bears nor dogs. This was the most prominent genus of the family of mammalian, vaguely canine-like carnivores that succeeded the larger creodonts (typified by Hyaenodon and Sarkastodon) but preceded the first true dogs. True to its nickname, Amphicyon looked like a small bear with the head of a dog, and it probably pursued a bear-like lifestyle as well, feeding opportunistically on meat, carrion, fish, fruit, and plants. The front legs of this prehistoric mammal were especially well-muscled, meaning it could probably stun prey senseless with a single well-aimed swipe of its paw. Befitting a mammal with such a lengthy provenance in the fossil record--about 10 million years, from the middle Oligocene to the early Miocene epochs--the genus Amphicyon embraced nine separate species. The two largest, the appropriately named A. major and A. giganteus, weighed up 400 pounds fully grown and roamed the expanse of Europe and the near east. In North America, Amphicyon was represented by A. galushai, A. frendens, and A. ingens, which were slightly smaller than their Eurasian cousins; various other species hailed from modern-day India and Pakistan, Africa, and the far east. (The European species of Amphicyon were identified in the early 19th century, but the first American species was only announced to the world in 2003.) Did Amphicyon hunt in packs, like modern wolves? Probably not; more likely this megafauna mammal stayed well out of the way of its pack-hunting competitors, contenting itself with (say) piles of rotting fruit or the carcass of a recently deceased Chalicotherium. (On the other hand, oversized grazing animals like Chalicotherium were themselves so slow that elderly, sick or juvenile herd members could easily be picked off by a solitary Amphicyon.) In fact, its likely that the Bear Dog faded from the world scene 20 million years ago, at the end of its long reign, because it was displaced by better-adapted (i.e., faster, sleeker, and more lightly built) hunting animals.